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J. Mol. Sci. 2024, 25(19), 10327; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms251910327 (registering DOI) - 25 Sep 2024 Abstract The ARX mutations encompass a nearly continuous spectrum of neurodevelopmental disorders (NDDs), ranging from lissencephaly to Proud syndrome, as well as infantile spasms without brain malformations, and including both syndromic and non-syndromic intellectual disabilities (IDs). We describe worsening neuropsychiatric symptoms in the offspring [...] Read more. The ARX mutations encompass a nearly continuous spectrum of neurodevelopmental disorders (NDDs), ranging from lissencephaly to Proud syndrome, as well as infantile spasms without brain malformations, and including both syndromic and non-syndromic intellectual disabilities (IDs). We describe worsening neuropsychiatric symptoms in the offspring of a Korean family with ID/developmental delay (DD) caused by a novel ARX p.Lys385Ter variant. Sequential genetic testing was performed to investigate the ID, DD, agenesis of the corpus callosum (ACC), and developmental epileptic encephalopathy (DEE) observed in the proband. A comprehensive trio clinical exome sequencing approach using a Celemics G-Mendeliome Clinical Exome Sequencing Panel was employed. Given the clinical manifestations observed in the proband, gene panel sequencing identified a heterozygous ARX variant, c.1153A>T/p.Lys385Ter (Reference transcript ID: NM_139058.3), as the most likely cause of ID, DD, ACC, and DEE in the proband. Sanger sequencing confirmed the segregation of the ARX variant, c.1153A>T/p.Lys385Ter, with the phenotype and established the maternally inherited dominant status of the heterozygous variant in the patient, as well as in her grandmother, mother, and aunt. Our case report adds to the understanding of the female phenotype in ARX-related disorders caused by loss-of-function variants in the ARX gene. Genetic counseling for ARX families should proceed with caution, as female carriers can exhibit a wide range of phenotypes, from normal cognitive development to ID/DD, ACC, and DEE. Full article (This article belongs to the Special Issue Molecular Research in Epilepsy and Epileptogenesis) 14 pages, 5223 KiB   Open AccessArticle Model Predictive Control with Powertrain Delay Consideration for Longitudinal Speed Tracking of Autonomous Electric Vehicles by Junhee Lee and Kichun Jo World Electr. Veh. J. 2024, 15(10), 433; https://doi.org/10.3390/wevj15100433 (registering DOI) - 25 Sep 2024 Abstract Accurate longitudinal control is crucial in autonomous driving, but inherent delays and lag in electric vehicle powertrains hinder precise control. This paper presents a two-stage design for a longitudinal speed controller to enhance speed tracking performance in autonomous electric vehicles. The first stage [...] Read more. Accurate longitudinal control is crucial in autonomous driving, but inherent delays and lag in electric vehicle powertrains hinder precise control. This paper presents a two-stage design for a longitudinal speed controller to enhance speed tracking performance in autonomous electric vehicles. The first stage involves designing a Model Predictive Control (MPC) system that accounts for powertrain signal delay and response lag using a First Order Plus Dead Time (FOPDT) model integrated with the vehicle’s longitudinal dynamics. The second stage employs lookup tables for the drive motor and brake system to convert control signals into actual vehicle inputs, ensuring precise throttle/brake pedal values for the desired driving torque. The proposed controller was validated using the CarMaker simulator and real vehicle tests with a Hyundai IONIQ5. In real vehicle tests, the proposed controller achieved a mean speed error of 0.54 km/h, outperforming conventional PID and standard MPC methods that do not account for powertrain delays. It also eliminated acceleration and deceleration overshoots and demonstrated real-time performance with an average computation time of 1.32 ms. Full article (This article belongs to the Special Issue EVS37—International Electric Vehicle Symposium and Exhibition (Seoul, Republic of Korea)) attachment Supplementary material: Supplementary File 1 (ZIP, 194 KiB) 18 pages, 1383 KiB   Open AccessArticle TLR4 as a Potential Target of Me-PFOSA-AcOH Leading to Cardiovascular Diseases: Evidence from NHANES 2013–2018 and Molecular Docking by Zhilei Mao, Yanling Chen, Haixin Li, Qun Lu and Kun Zhou Toxics 2024, 12(10), 693; https://doi.org/10.3390/toxics12100693 (registering DOI) - 25 Sep 2024 Abstract Background: Concerns have been raised regarding the effects of perfluoroalkyl substance (PFAS) exposure on cardiovascular diseases (CVD), but clear evidence linking PFAS exposure to CVD is lacking, and the mechanism remains unclear. Objectives: To study the association between PFASs and CVD in U.S. [...] Read more. Background: Concerns have been raised regarding the effects of perfluoroalkyl substance (PFAS) exposure on cardiovascular diseases (CVD), but clear evidence linking PFAS exposure to CVD is lacking, and the mechanism remains unclear. Objectives: To study the association between PFASs and CVD in U.S. population, and to reveal the mechanism of PFASs’ effects on CVD. Methods: To assess the relationships between individual blood serum PFAS levels and the risk of total CVD or its subtypes, multivariable logistic regression analysis and partial least squares discriminant analysis (PLS-DA) were conducted on all participants or subgroups among 3391 adults from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES). The SuperPred and GeneCards databases were utilized to identify potential targets related to PFAS and CVD, respectively. Gene ontology (GO) and Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) enrichment analyses of intersection genes were performed using Metascape. Protein interaction networks were generated, and core targets were identified with STRING. Molecular docking was achieved using Autodock Vina 1.1.2. Results: There was a positive association between Me-PFOSA-AcOH and CVD (OR = 1.28, p = 0.022), especially coronary heart disease (CHD) (OR = 1.47, p = 0.007) and heart attack (OR = 1.58, p < 0.001) after adjusting for all potential covariates. Me-PFOSA-AcOH contributed the most to distinguishing between individuals in terms of CVD and non-CVD. Significant moderating effects for Me-PFOSA-AcOH were observed in the subgroup analysis stratified by sex, ethnicity, education level, PIR, BMI, smoking status, physical activity, and hypertension (p < 0.05). The potential intersection targets were mainly enriched in CVD-related pathways, including the inflammatory response, neuroactive ligand–receptor interaction, MAPK signaling pathway, and arachidonic acid metabolism. TLR4 was identified as the core target for the effects of Me-PFOSA-AcOH on CVD. Molecular docking results revealed that the binding energy of Me-PFOSA-AcOH to the TLR4-MD-2 complex was −7.2 kcal/mol, suggesting that Me-PFOSA-AcOH binds well to the TLR4-MD-2 complex. Conclusion: Me-PFOSA-AcOH exposure was significantly associated with CVD. Network toxicology and molecular docking uncovered novel molecular targets, such as TLR4, and identified the inflammatory and metabolic mechanisms underlying Me-PFOSA-AcOH-induced CVD. Full article (This article belongs to the Section Human Toxicology and Epidemiology) attachment Supplementary material: Supplementary File 1 (ZIP, 167 KiB) 15 pages, 2369 KiB   Open AccessArticle Functions of Hemp-Induced Exosomes against Periodontal Deterioration Caused by Fine Dust by Eunhee Kim, Yoonjin Park, Mihae Yun and Boyong Kim Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2024, 25(19), 10331; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms251910331 (registering DOI) - 25 Sep 2024 Abstract Although fine dust is linked to numerous health issues, including cardiovascular, neurological, respiratory, and cancerous diseases, research on its effects on oral health remains limited. In this study, we investigated the protective effects of mature hemp stem extract-induced exosomes (MSEIEs) on periodontal cells [...] Read more. Although fine dust is linked to numerous health issues, including cardiovascular, neurological, respiratory, and cancerous diseases, research on its effects on oral health remains limited. In this study, we investigated the protective effects of mature hemp stem extract-induced exosomes (MSEIEs) on periodontal cells exposed to fine dust. Using various methods, including microRNA profiling, PCR, flow cytometry, immunocytochemistry, ELISA, and Alizarin O staining, we found that MSE treatment upregulated key microRNAs, such as hsa-miR-122-5p, hsa-miR-1301-3p, and hsa-let-7e-5p, associated with vital biological functions. MSEIEs exhibited three primary protective functions: suppressing inflammatory genes while activating anti-inflammatory ones, promoting the differentiation of periodontal ligament stem cells (PDLSCs) into osteoblasts and other cells, and regulating LL-37 and MCP-1 expression. These findings suggest that MSEIEs have potential as functional biomaterials for applications in pharmaceuticals, cosmetics, and food industries. Full article (This article belongs to the Special Issue A Commemorative Special Issue in Honor of Prof. Giovanni De Toni: A Pediatrician and Innovator at the Gaslini Children’s Hospital, Genoa, Italy) 22 pages, 29632 KiB   Open AccessArticle Influence of Heat Treatment Temperature on Microstructure, Hardness and Sensitization of UNS S32205 Duplex Stainless Steel by Pedro Victorio Caetano Abrantes Quadros, Jomar José Knaip Ribeiro, Bruna Corina Emanuely Schibicheski Kurelo, Oriana Palma Calabokis, Yamid E. Nuñez de la Rosa, Alba Regina Turin and Paulo César Borges Materials 2024, 17(19), 4715; https://doi.org/10.3390/ma17194715 (registering DOI) - 25 Sep 2024 Abstract Improper thermal cycles on duplex stainless steels can lead to the formation of detrimental phases or alter the proportion of ferrite and austenite phases, thus influencing the material’s mechanical properties and corrosion resistance. Therefore, this study aimed to evaluate the effect of aging [...] Read more. Improper thermal cycles on duplex stainless steels can lead to the formation of detrimental phases or alter the proportion of ferrite and austenite phases, thus influencing the material’s mechanical properties and corrosion resistance. Therefore, this study aimed to evaluate the effect of aging (at 850 and 950 °C) and solubilization (at 1000 and 1150 °C) thermal treatments on microstructure, indentation hardness, elasticity modulus, and susceptibility to intergranular corrosion of UNS S32205 duplex stainless steel. The sigma phase (σ) formation in the aged samples, with hardness values between 8 and 10 GPa, was confirmed. Furthermore, the pieces treated from 1000 °C upwards showed that increased temperature favored the formation of more equiaxial grains and the ferrite fraction growth. The thermal treatments barely affected the elasticity modulus of austenite and ferrite grains, increasing the hardness of ferrite. The effect of sulfuric acid concentration in the intergranular corrosion was evaluated. Also, the deconvolution of the corrosion curves permits the determination of the influence of the different phases in the corrosion performance. These tests revealed sensitization only at the σ phase grain boundaries in the samples treated at 850 °C in electrolytes containing H2SO4 2.5 mol/L and HCl 1 mol/L. Although the treatment at 950 °C led to the σ phase formation, its higher corrosion resistance was ascribed to the lower volumetric fraction of this phase, its morphology, and its increased Cr mobility compared to the 850 °C treatment. Therefore, it was shown that the σ characteristics and the sulfuric acid concentrations are determining factors in the UNS S32205 intergranular corrosion resistance. Full article ►▼ Show Figures Graphical abstract 12 pages, 1838 KiB   Open AccessArticle Transgenic Drosophila Expressing Active Human LH Receptor in the Gonads Exhibit a Decreased Fecundity: Towards a Platform to Identify New Orally Active Modulators of Gonadotropin Receptor Activity by Amir Mahamid and David Ben-Menahem Pharmaceuticals 2024, 17(10), 1267; https://doi.org/10.3390/ph17101267 (registering DOI) - 25 Sep 2024 Abstract Background/Objectives: The gonadotropins luteinizing hormone (LH) and follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) and their receptors are major regulators of reproduction in mammals and are absent in insects. We previously established transgenic Drosophila lines expressing a constitutively active human LH receptor variant (LHRD578Y) and [...] Read more. Background/Objectives: The gonadotropins luteinizing hormone (LH) and follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) and their receptors are major regulators of reproduction in mammals and are absent in insects. We previously established transgenic Drosophila lines expressing a constitutively active human LH receptor variant (LHRD578Y) and the wild-type receptor (LHRwt; inactive in the absence of an agonist). That study showed that ubiquitously expression of LHRD578Y—but not of LHRwt—resulted in pupal lethality, and targeted expression in midline cells resulted in thorax/bristles defects. To further study the Drosophila model for an in vivo drug screening platform, we investigated here whether expressing LHRD578Y in the fly gonads alters reproduction, as shown in a transgenic mice model. Methods: The receptor was expressed in somatic cells of the gonads using the tissue-specific traffic jam-Gal4 driver. Western blot analysis confirmed receptor expression in the ovaries. Results: A fecundity assay indicated that the ectopic expression of LHRD578Y resulted in a decrease in egg laying compared to control flies carrying, but not expressing the transgene (~40% decrease in two independent fly lines, p < 0.001). No significant reduction in the number of laid eggs was seen in flies expressing the LHRWT (<10% decrease compared to non-driven flies, p > 0.05). The decreased egg laying demonstrates a phenotype of the active receptor in the fly gonads, the prime target organs of the gonadotropins in mammals. We suggest that this versatile Drosophila model can be used for the pharmacological search for gonadotropin modulators. Conclusions: This is expected to provide: (a) new mimetic drug candidates (receptor-agonists/signaling-activators) for assisted reproduction treatment, (b) blockers for potential fertility regulation, and (c) leads relevant for the purpose of managing extra gonadotropic reported activities. Full article (This article belongs to the Section Pharmacology) ►▼ Show Figures Figure 1 18 pages, 3665 KiB   Open AccessArticle Consumer Acceptance of Novel Lucuma Fruit Ice Cream in the US Market by Gaganpreet Singh, Rajesh Kumar and Martin J. Talavera Foods 2024, 13(19), 3055; https://doi.org/10.3390/foods13193055 (registering DOI) - 25 Sep 2024 Abstract This study explored the use of lucuma fruit powder in an ice cream formulation for the US market. Six ice cream prototypes were developed using five different lucuma fruit powder variants. A central location test was conducted with frequent ice cream consumers ( [...] Read more. This study explored the use of lucuma fruit powder in an ice cream formulation for the US market. Six ice cream prototypes were developed using five different lucuma fruit powder variants. A central location test was conducted with frequent ice cream consumers (n = 106) to assess acceptance, attribute intensity rating, ideal intensity levels, and purchase intent against a control sample with caramel flavor. The mean overall liking score for all lucuma ice creams was moderate. The overall, aroma, and flavor liking scores were significantly higher (p < 0.05) for lucuma ice cream samples, whereas the control sample was liked significantly more for texture. The Terrasoul variant of lucuma ice cream was the most liked among all samples, and the control was liked the least. Only the Terrasoul ice cream sample was successful in delivering significantly strong caramel, fruit, and sweet flavor levels; the other lucuma ice cream samples were more comparable to the control. The inclusion of lucuma powder increased powdery mouthfeel perception, negatively impacting texture liking. Consumers perceived all ice cream samples to be weak in flavor and fell short of delivering ideal levels. The US consumers had low–moderate food neophobia scores for lucuma fruit, with 57% showing interest in buying lucuma ice creams. Full article (This article belongs to the Section Sensory and Consumer Sciences) ►▼ Show Figures Figure 1 17 pages, 4850 KiB   Open AccessArticle Delamination and Evaluation of Multilayer PE/Al/PET Packaging Waste Separated Using a Hydrophobic Deep Eutectic Solvent by Adamantini Loukodimou, Christopher Lovell, George Theodosopoulos, Kranthi Kumar Maniam and Shiladitya Paul Polymers 2024, 16(19), 2718; https://doi.org/10.3390/polym16192718 (registering DOI) - 25 Sep 2024 Abstract This research concerns the development and implementation of ground-breaking strategies for improving the sorting, separation, and recycling of common flexible laminate packaging materials. Such packaging laminates incorporate different functional materials in order to achieve the desired mechanical performance and barrier properties. Common components [...] Read more. This research concerns the development and implementation of ground-breaking strategies for improving the sorting, separation, and recycling of common flexible laminate packaging materials. Such packaging laminates incorporate different functional materials in order to achieve the desired mechanical performance and barrier properties. Common components include poly(ethylene) (PE), poly(propylene) (PP), and poly(ethylene terephthalate) (PET), as well as valuable barrier materials such as poly(vinyl alcohol) (PVOH) and aluminium (Al) foils. Although widely used for the protection and preservation of food produce, such packaging materials present significant challenges for established recycling infrastructure and, therefore, to our future ambitions for a circular economy. Experience from the field of ionic liquids (ILs) and deep eutectic solvents (DESs) has been leveraged to develop novel green solvent systems that delaminate multilayer packaging materials to facilitate the separation and recovery of high-purity commodity plastics and aluminium. This research focuses on the development of a hydrophobic DES and the application of a Design of Experiments (DoE) methodology to investigate the effects of process parameters on the delamination of PE/Al/PET laminate packaging films. Key variables including temperature, time, loading, flake size, and perforations were assessed at laboratory scale using a 1 L filter reactor vessel. The results demonstrate that efficient separation of PE, Al, and PET can be achieved with high yields for material and solvent recovery. Recovered plastic films were subsequently characterised via Fourier-transform infra-red (FTIR) spectroscopy, Differential Scanning Calorimetry (DSC) and Thermogravimetric Analysis (TGA) to qualify the quality of plastics for reuse. Full article (This article belongs to the Section Circular and Green Polymer Science) ►▼ Show Figures Figure 1 attachment Supplementary material: Supplementary File 1 (ZIP, 148 KiB) 40 pages, 2105 KiB   Open AccessSystematic Review Biologic Brachytherapy: Genetically Modified Surgical Flap as a Therapeutic Tool—A Systematic Review of Animal Studies by Wiktor Pascal, Mateusz Gotowiec, Antoni Smoliński, Michał Suchecki, Michał Kopka, Adriana M. Pascal and Paweł K. Włodarski Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2024, 25(19), 10330; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms251910330 (registering DOI) - 25 Sep 2024 Abstract Surgical flaps are rudimentary tools in reconstructive surgery, especially following extensive solid tumour resections. They cover skin and soft tissue defects but are prone to ischaemia and necrosis. Since their primary aim is reconstruction, they rarely exhibit a therapeutic activity against the treated [...] Read more. Surgical flaps are rudimentary tools in reconstructive surgery, especially following extensive solid tumour resections. They cover skin and soft tissue defects but are prone to ischaemia and necrosis. Since their primary aim is reconstruction, they rarely exhibit a therapeutic activity against the treated disease. Attempts have been made to develop a new therapeutic strategy—biologic brachytherapy, which uses genetically engineered surgical flaps as a drug delivery vehicle, allowing the flap tissue to act as a “biologic pump”. This systematic review summarizes the preclinical evidence on using genetically modified surgical flaps. A literature search was conducted in PubMed, EMBASE, Scopus and Web of Science. The initial literature search yielded 714 papers, and, eventually, seventy-seven studies were included in qualitative analysis. The results show that genetic enhancement of flaps has been used as a local or systemic therapy for numerous disease models. Frequently, it has been used to increase flap survival and limit ischaemia or promote flap survival in a non-ischemic context, with some studies focusing on optimizing the technique of such gene therapy. The results show that genetically modified flaps can be successfully used in a variety of contexts, but we need more studies to implement this research into specific clinical scenarios. Full article (This article belongs to the Special Issue Novel Insights into Regenerative Medicine) 16 pages, 1380 KiB   Open AccessArticle Analyzing the Impact of Deep Excavation on Retaining Structure Deformation Based on Element Tracking by Wen Tan, Zhenyu Lei, Yanhong Wang, Jinsong Liu, Pengbang Lai, Yuan Mei, Wenzhan Liu and Dongbo Zhou Buildings 2024, 14(10), 3069; https://doi.org/10.3390/buildings14103069 (registering DOI) - 25 Sep 2024 Abstract In the simulation of foundation pit excavation, the traditional element birth–death method commonly used tends to encounter issues such as uncoordinated deformation and changes in the constitutive model, affecting the accuracy of the prediction results. To address these issues, this study proposes the [...] Read more. In the simulation of foundation pit excavation, the traditional element birth–death method commonly used tends to encounter issues such as uncoordinated deformation and changes in the constitutive model, affecting the accuracy of the prediction results. To address these issues, this study proposes the use of element tracking. By duplicating elements for temporary supports or structures requiring changes in material properties and appropriately activating or deactivating them at the right moments, the simulation of the foundation pit excavation process can be achieved more precisely. Using the construction process of the Tangxi Passenger Transport Station’s comprehensive transportation hub foundation pit as an example, this study applied the proposed simulation method and compared the results with actual measurements, demonstrating its effectiveness. This research offers a more accurate approach for simulating foundation pit excavation and provides a reference for similar numerical simulation problems. Full article (This article belongs to the Special Issue Emerging Techniques in Concrete Materials and Structures: Experiments, Theories and Applications) 20 pages, 7015 KiB   Open AccessReview Recent Advances in Propylene-Based Elastomers Polymerized by Homogeneous Catalysts by Chengkai Li, Guoqiang Fan, Gang Zheng, Rong Gao and Li Liu Polymers 2024, 16(19), 2717; https://doi.org/10.3390/polym16192717 (registering DOI) - 25 Sep 2024 Abstract Propylene-based elastomers (PBEs) have received widespread attention and research in recent years due to their structural diversity and excellent properties, and are also an important area for leading chemical companies to compete for layout, but efficient synthesis of PBEs remains challenging. In this [...] Read more. Propylene-based elastomers (PBEs) have received widespread attention and research in recent years due to their structural diversity and excellent properties, and are also an important area for leading chemical companies to compete for layout, but efficient synthesis of PBEs remains challenging. In this paper, we review the development of PBEs and categorize them into three types, grounded in their unique chain structures, including homopolymer propylene-based elastomers (hPBEs), random copolymer propylene-based elastomers (rPBEs), and block copolymer propylene-based elastomers (bPBEs). The successful synthesis of these diverse PBEs is largely credited to the relentless innovative advancements in homogeneous catalysts (metallocene catalysts, constrained geometry catalysts, and non-metallocene catalysts). Consequently, we summarize the catalytic performance of various homogeneous catalysts employed in PBE synthesis and delve into their effect on molecular weight, molecular weight distribution, and chain structures of the resulting PBEs. In the end, based on the current academic research and industrialization status of PBEs, an outlook on potential future research directions for PBEs is provided. Full article (This article belongs to the Section Polymer Chemistry) ►▼ Show Figures Figure 1 15 pages, 4746 KiB   Open AccessReview Assessment of Microvascular Function Based on Flowmotion Monitored by the Flow-Mediated Skin Fluorescence Technique by Andrzej Marcinek, Joanna Katarzynska, Katarzyna Cypryk, Agnieszka Los-Stegienta, Jolanta Slowikowska-Hilczer, Renata Walczak-Jedrzejowska, Jacek Zielinski and Jerzy Gebicki Biosensors 2024, 14(10), 459; https://doi.org/10.3390/bios14100459 (registering DOI) - 25 Sep 2024 Abstract This review summarizes studies dedicated to the assessment of microvascular function based on microcirculatory oscillations monitored by the Flow-Mediated Skin Fluorescence (FMSF) technique. Two approaches are presented. The first approach uses oscillatory parameters measured under normoxic conditions, expressed as flowmotion (FM), vasomotion (VM), [...] Read more. This review summarizes studies dedicated to the assessment of microvascular function based on microcirculatory oscillations monitored by the Flow-Mediated Skin Fluorescence (FMSF) technique. Two approaches are presented. The first approach uses oscillatory parameters measured under normoxic conditions, expressed as flowmotion (FM), vasomotion (VM), and the normoxia oscillatory index (NOI). These parameters have been used for the identification of impaired microcirculatory oscillations associated with intense physical exercise, post-COVID syndrome, psychological stress, and erectile dysfunction. The second approach involves characterization of the microcirculatory response to hypoxia based on the measurement of hypoxia sensitivity (HS). The HS parameter is used to characterize microvascular complications in diabetes, such as diabetic kidney disease and diabetic foot ulcers. Based on research conducted by the authors of this review, the FMSF parameter ranges characterizing microvascular function are presented. The diagnostic approach to assessing microvascular function based on flowmotion monitored by the FMSF technique has a wide range of applications and the potential to be integrated into widespread medical practice. Full article (This article belongs to the Section Biosensors and Healthcare) 18 pages, 547 KiB   Open AccessReview The Impact of Gastrointestinal Hormones on Human Adipose Tissue Function by Marcelina Radziszewska, Lucyna Ostrowska and Joanna Smarkusz-Zarzecka Nutrients 2024, 16(19), 3245; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu16193245 (registering DOI) - 25 Sep 2024 Abstract Background: Obesity is a global issue, the development of which depends on many interacting factors. Among these, hormones secreted in the gastrointestinal tract play an important role. The aim of this review was to assess the impact of these hormones on the functions [...] Read more. Background: Obesity is a global issue, the development of which depends on many interacting factors. Among these, hormones secreted in the gastrointestinal tract play an important role. The aim of this review was to assess the impact of these hormones on the functions of adipose tissue. Methods: The analysis was based on the latest research concerning both adipose tissue and gastrointestinal hormones. Results: It was found that these hormones can significantly affect adipose tissue, both directly and indirectly. Some hormones, when secreted in excess, can stimulate adipose tissue formation processes, while others can inhibit them. The impact of hormones depends on the location and type of adipose tissue as well as the physiological state of the body. It should also be noted that no hormone acts in isolation but in close cooperation with other factors. Conclusions: The relationship between gastrointestinal hormones and adipose tissue, and their role in obesity, is a complex and evolving field of study. Further research is necessary, particularly into the interactions between hormones and other factors, as well as their mutual interactions. Full article (This article belongs to the Section Nutrition and Metabolism) attachment Supplementary material: Supplementary File 1 (ZIP, 59 KiB) 12 pages, 3054 KiB   Open AccessCommunication Design and Assembly of a Miniature Catheter Imaging System for In Vivo Heart Endoscopic Imaging by Walter Messina, Lorenzo Niemitz, Simon Sorensen, Claire O’Dowling, Piotr Buszman, Stefan Andersson-Engels and Ray Burke Sensors 2024, 24(19), 6216; https://doi.org/10.3390/s24196216 (registering DOI) - 25 Sep 2024 Abstract In this paper, we present the design and fabrication of a novel chip-on-tip catheter, which uses a microcamera and optical fibres to capture in vivo images in a beating porcine heart thanks to a saline flush to clear the blood field. Here, we [...] Read more. In this paper, we present the design and fabrication of a novel chip-on-tip catheter, which uses a microcamera and optical fibres to capture in vivo images in a beating porcine heart thanks to a saline flush to clear the blood field. Here, we demonstrate the medical utility and mechanical robustness of this catheter platform system, which could be used for other optical diagnostic techniques, surgical guidance, and clinical navigation. We also discuss some of the challenges and system requirements associated with developing a miniature prototype for such a study and present assembly instructions. Methods of clearing the blood field are discussed, including an integrated flush channel at the distal end. This permits the capture of images of the endocardial walls. The device was navigated under fluoroscopic guiding, through a guiding catheter to various locations of the heart, where images were successfully acquired. Images were captured at the intra-atrial septum, in the left atrium after a trans-septal cross procedure, and in the left ventricle, which are, to the best of our knowledge, the first images captured in an in vivo beating heart using endoscopic techniques. Full article (This article belongs to the Special Issue Sensing Functional Imaging Biomarkers and Artificial Intelligence) attachment Supplementary material: Supplementary File 1 (ZIP, 65 KiB) 19 pages, 1099 KiB   Open AccessArticle In Silico Modeling of Fabry Disease Pathophysiology for the Identification of Early Cellular Damage Biomarker Candidates by Javier Gervas-Arruga, Miguel Ángel Barba-Romero, Jorge Julián Fernández-Martín, Jorge Francisco Gómez-Cerezo, Cristina Segú-Vergés, Giacomo Ronzoni and Jorge J. Cebolla Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2024, 25(19), 10329; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms251910329 (registering DOI) - 25 Sep 2024 Abstract Fabry disease (FD) is an X-linked lysosomal disease whose ultimate consequences are the accumulation of sphingolipids and subsequent inflammatory events, mainly at the endothelial level. The outcomes include different nervous system manifestations as well as multiple organ damage. Despite the availability of known [...] Read more. Fabry disease (FD) is an X-linked lysosomal disease whose ultimate consequences are the accumulation of sphingolipids and subsequent inflammatory events, mainly at the endothelial level. The outcomes include different nervous system manifestations as well as multiple organ damage. Despite the availability of known biomarkers, early detection of FD remains a medical need. This study aimed to develop an in silico model based on machine learning to identify candidate vascular and nervous system proteins for early FD damage detection at the cellular level. A combined systems biology and machine learning approach was carried out considering molecular characteristics of FD to create a computational model of vascular and nervous system disease. A data science strategy was applied to identify risk classifiers by using 10 K-fold cross-validation. Further biological and clinical criteria were used to prioritize the most promising candidates, resulting in the identification of 36 biomarker candidates with classifier abilities, which are easily measurable in body fluids. Among them, we propose four candidates, CAMK2A, ILK, LMNA, and KHSRP, which have high classification capabilities according to our models (cross-validated accuracy ≥ 90%) and are related to the vascular and nervous systems. These biomarkers show promise as high-risk cellular and tissue damage indicators that are potentially applicable in clinical settings, although in vivo validation is still needed. Full article (This article belongs to the Special Issue Genetic and Metabolic Molecular Research of Lysosomal Storage Disease 4.0) 17 pages, 10452 KiB   Open AccessArticle Experimental Study of Sinkhole Propagation Induced by a Leaking Pipe Using Fibre Bragg Grating Sensors by Josué Yumba, Maria Ferentinou and Michael Grobler Sensors 2024, 24(19), 6215; https://doi.org/10.3390/s24196215 (registering DOI) - 25 Sep 2024 Abstract Sinkhole formation caused by leaking pipes in karst soluble rocks is a significant concern, leading to infrastructure damage and safety risks. In this paper, an experiment was conducted to investigate sinkhole formation in dense sand induced by a leaking pipe. Fibre Bragg grating [...] Read more. Sinkhole formation caused by leaking pipes in karst soluble rocks is a significant concern, leading to infrastructure damage and safety risks. In this paper, an experiment was conducted to investigate sinkhole formation in dense sand induced by a leaking pipe. Fibre Bragg grating (FBG) sensors were used to record the strain. A balloon was gradually deflated within a bed of wet silica sand to create an underground cavity. Eighteen FBG sensors, with a wavelength range between 1550 nm and 1560 nm, were embedded horizontally and vertically in the physical model at different levels to monitor deformation at various locations. A leaking pipe was installed to induce the collapse of the formed arch above the cavity. The strain measurements suggested the following four phases in the sinkhole formation process: (1) cavity formation, (2) progressive weathering and erosion, (3) catastrophic collapse, and (4) subsequent equilibrium conditions. The results showed differences in the strain signatures and distributions between the horizontal and vertical measurements. During the critical phase of the sinkhole collapse, the horizontal measurements primarily showed tension, while the vertical measurements indicated compression. This investigation demonstrates the effectiveness of FBGs as advanced monitoring tools for sinkhole precursor identification. The study also suggests using FBGs in geotechnical monitoring applications to improve the understanding and mitigation of sinkholes and related geohazards. Full article (This article belongs to the Special Issue Optical Fiber Sensors Used for Civil Engineering) ►▼ Show Figures Figure 1 16 pages, 1421 KiB   Open AccessArticle The Impact of Cues on Joint Attention in Children with Autism Spectrum Disorder: An Eye-Tracking Study in Virtual Games by Lili Liu, Shuang Li, Lin Tian, Xinyu Yao, Yutao Ling, Jingying Chen, Guangshuai Wang and Yang Yang Behav. Sci. 2024, 14(10), 871; https://doi.org/10.3390/bs14100871 (registering DOI) - 25 Sep 2024 Abstract Joint attention (JA), a core deficit in children with autism spectrum disorder (ASD), is crucial for social interaction, emotional understanding, and cognitive development. This study aims to compare and analyze the eye-tracking data of ASD and typically developing children (TDC) during virtual games, [...] Read more. Joint attention (JA), a core deficit in children with autism spectrum disorder (ASD), is crucial for social interaction, emotional understanding, and cognitive development. This study aims to compare and analyze the eye-tracking data of ASD and typically developing children (TDC) during virtual games, exploring how different cue types affect JA performance in ASD children. A total of 31 TDC and 40 ASD children participated in the study. Using eye-tracking devices, we recorded the children’s eye movements as they played virtual games, selecting the correct target based on cues provided by virtual characters. Our findings revealed that different cue types significantly impacted the game scores of ASD children but had no significant effect on TDC, highlighting a notable disparity between the two groups. ASD children showed a lower fixation frequency, irregular fixation paths, and increased attention to non-target objects compared to TDC. Interestingly, among the three cue types, ASD children exhibited a preference for the third type, leading to longer fixation on the region of interest and higher game scores. These results underscore the importance of cue selection in enhancing JA in ASD children. This study provides novel insights into the JA deficits in ASD children and offers a scientific basis for the development of targeted and individualized intervention programs. Full article (This article belongs to the Section Cognition) 14 pages, 1200 KiB   Open AccessArticle Mine Water as a Source of Energy—Case Study from Poland by Magdalena Starczewska, Anna Sowiżdżał, Kajetan d’Obyrn and Damian Cień Energies 2024, 17(19), 4808; https://doi.org/10.3390/en17194808 (registering DOI) - 25 Sep 2024 Abstract The energy sector in Poland is primarily based on fossil fuels, mainly coal. Hard coal mining is one of the most important industries in Poland. Hard coal deposits in Poland are found in three basins, but mining is currently carried out in the [...] Read more. The energy sector in Poland is primarily based on fossil fuels, mainly coal. Hard coal mining is one of the most important industries in Poland. Hard coal deposits in Poland are found in three basins, but mining is currently carried out in the Upper Silesian Coal Basin (USCB) and the Lublin Coal Basin (LCB). The Upper Silesian Coal Basin is Poland’s central hard coal basin, with the most significant coal production extending across Poland and the Czech Republic. Approximately 80% of proven hard coal resources in Poland are found in the Upper Silesian Coal Basin (USCB). There is a tremendous amount of water in active and abandoned hard coal mines, which must be drained daily. Relatively high temperatures characterize mine water. This study analyzed the geological and hydrogeological conditions of the Upper Silesian Coal Basin and determined the potential for the use of mine waters for energy purposes. Depending on the location of the mine, the volume of mine water inflow ranges from 1 to 60 m3/min. The temperature of the pumped water is between 13 and 25 °C. In Poland, several such pilot installations have already been created; it is worth taking a closer look at the following examples. Heat recovery from mine drainage water can significantly reduce atmospheric emissions, which is particularly important in mining areas affected by low emissions. Therefore, Poland must raise the issue of using mined water for energy purposes, especially when making decisions related to decommissioning mines and developing post-mining areas. Full article (This article belongs to the Collection Energy Efficiency and Environmental Issues) 9 pages, 2123 KiB   Open AccessArticle Friedel Oscillations and He-He Interactions in Mo by Xuepeng Shen, Enzhi Liang, Qian Zhan, Wei Wang and Wentong Geng Crystals 2024, 14(10), 834; https://doi.org/10.3390/cryst14100834 (registering DOI) - 25 Sep 2024 Abstract Helium ions implanted into metals can form ordered bubbles that are isomorphic to the host lattice. While long-range elastic interactions are generally believed to drive bubble superlattice formation, the interactions between individual helium solutes are not yet fully understood. Our first-principles calculations reveal [...] Read more. Helium ions implanted into metals can form ordered bubbles that are isomorphic to the host lattice. While long-range elastic interactions are generally believed to drive bubble superlattice formation, the interactions between individual helium solutes are not yet fully understood. Our first-principles calculations reveal that in molybdenum, Friedel oscillations induced by individual helium atoms generate potential barriers and wells that influence helium pairing and clustering at short He-He distances. These repulsive and attractive interactions at high concentrations provide thermodynamic driving forces that align randomly distributed helium atoms into Mo-He superlattices. Friedel oscillations may have broad impacts on solute–solute interactions in alloys. Full article (This article belongs to the Section Crystal Engineering) 19 pages, 898 KiB   Open AccessArticle Assessment of the Impact of Heat-Compression Therapy Time on Muscle Biomechanical Properties and Forearm Tissue Perfusion in MMA Fighters—A Pilot Study by Adrian Kużdżał, Jarosław Muracki, Piotr Makar, Robert Roczniok, Rafał Studnicki, Beata Pożarowszczyk-Kuczko, Adam Kawczyński and Robert Trybulski Appl. Sci. 2024, 14(19), 8659; https://doi.org/10.3390/app14198659 (registering DOI) - 25 Sep 2024 Abstract Background: The study aimed to evaluate the immediate effect of Heat-Compression-Therapy with Game Ready equipment (GR-HCT) on biomechanical properties at different treatment times. Reducing the duration of stimulation through HCT can help optimize recovery processes in sports. Methods: Twenty male MMA fighters (26.5 [...] Read more. Background: The study aimed to evaluate the immediate effect of Heat-Compression-Therapy with Game Ready equipment (GR-HCT) on biomechanical properties at different treatment times. Reducing the duration of stimulation through HCT can help optimize recovery processes in sports. Methods: Twenty male MMA fighters (26.5 ± 4.5 years, BMI 24.75 ± 3.0, training experience: 10.3 ± 5.0 years) performed two experimental sessions: (a) 5 min heat-compression therapy (HCT) stimulation (GR-HCT-5); and (b) 10 min heat-compression therapy (GR-HCT-10). All registered parameters, tissue perfusion (PU), tissue temperature (°C), muscle tone (T-Hz) stiffness (S—N/m), elasticity (E—arb), pressure pain threshold (PPT—N/cm) and isometric muscle strength (Fmax—kgf), were measured at rest (r—2 min before GR-HCT stimulation) and 1 min after GR-HCT (p-post) for the flexor carpi radialis muscle (MFCR) and the brachioradialis muscle (MBR). Results: The Friedman’s test for MBR revealed significant differences between GR-HCT5min vs. GR-HCT10min for PU (p < 0.0001), S (p = 0.008), and for MBR and MFCR for °C (p < 0.0001). The pairwise comparisons for PU, S, and °C showed significant differences between rest vs. post values for 5 min as well as between rest vs. post values for 10 min. Further, there was a significant interaction effect (5 min-10 min × Rest-Post p < 0.0001) for PU for MFCR. The post hoc comparison for the interaction effect showed significantly higher PU for post- compared to premeasurement in 5 min PU and 10 min PU (p < 0.001). Further, there was a significant main effect of condition for Fmax both for MFCR and MBR (5 min vs. 10 min p < 0.001); The post hoc comparison for the main effect of condition showed a significantly higher Fmax for post- compared to premeasurement in 5 min and 10 min (p < 0.001). Further, there was a significant main effect of condition for pressure pain threshold [N/cm] both for MFCR and MBR and for T for MBR time of measurement rest vs. post (p < 0.001; p = 0.006; p < 0.001, respectively). The post hoc comparison for the interaction effect showed a significantly lower PPT for post vs. rest in 5 min (p < 0.001 only for MFCR) and in 10 min (p < 0.001). The delta values for PU (post-rest) and ΔTemp °C showed significant differences between the 5 min and 10 min conditions (MFCR; p < 0.0001); (MBR p < 0.001) and (MFCR p < 0.0001); (MBR p < 0.001). Conclusion: Our results show that GR-HCT significantly affects recovery of muscle biomechanical parameters, pain threshold, strength, tissue perfusion, and temperature. Our findings show that a 5 min effect can be sufficient when compared to a 10 min one which is a clue for designing effective recovery protocols. Full article (This article belongs to the Special Issue Advances in Sports Science: Physical Performance Diagnostics and Enhancement) 18 pages, 1074 KiB   Open AccessReview Clinician’s Guide to Epitranscriptomics: An Example of N1-Methyladenosine (m1A) RNA Modification and Cancer by Ana Kvolik Pavić, Josipa Čonkaš, Ivan Mumlek, Vedran Zubčić and Petar Ozretić Life 2024, 14(10), 1230; https://doi.org/10.3390/life14101230 (registering DOI) - 25 Sep 2024 Abstract Epitranscriptomics is the study of modifications of RNA molecules by small molecular residues, such as the methyl (-CH3) group. These modifications are inheritable and reversible. A specific group of enzymes called “writers” introduces the change to the RNA; “erasers” delete it, [...] Read more. Epitranscriptomics is the study of modifications of RNA molecules by small molecular residues, such as the methyl (-CH3) group. These modifications are inheritable and reversible. A specific group of enzymes called “writers” introduces the change to the RNA; “erasers” delete it, while “readers” stimulate a downstream effect. Epitranscriptomic changes are present in every type of organism from single-celled ones to plants and animals and are a key to normal development as well as pathologic processes. Oncology is a fast-paced field, where a better understanding of tumor biology and (epi)genetics is necessary to provide new therapeutic targets and better clinical outcomes. Recently, changes to the epitranscriptome have been shown to be drivers of tumorigenesis, biomarkers, and means of predicting outcomes, as well as potential therapeutic targets. In this review, we aimed to give a concise overview of epitranscriptomics in the context of neoplastic disease with a focus on N1-methyladenosine (m1A) modification, in layman’s terms, to bring closer this omics to clinicians and their future clinical practice. Full article (This article belongs to the Collection Feature Review Papers for Life) 21 pages, 2201 KiB   Open AccessArticle A Reference Modelling Approach for Cost Optimal Maintenance for Offshore Wind Farms by Rasmus Dovnborg Frederiksen, Grzegorz Bocewicz, Peter Nielsen, Grzegorz Radzki and Zbigniew Banaszak Sustainability 2024, 16(19), 8352; https://doi.org/10.3390/su16198352 (registering DOI) - 25 Sep 2024 Abstract This paper presents a novel reference model designed to optimize the integration of preventive and predictive maintenance strategies for offshore wind farms (OWFs), enhancing operational decision-making. The model’s flexible and declarative architecture facilitates the incorporation of new constraints while maintaining computational efficiency, distinguishing [...] Read more. This paper presents a novel reference model designed to optimize the integration of preventive and predictive maintenance strategies for offshore wind farms (OWFs), enhancing operational decision-making. The model’s flexible and declarative architecture facilitates the incorporation of new constraints while maintaining computational efficiency, distinguishing it from existing methodologies. Unlike previous research that did not explore the intricate cost dynamics between predictive and preventive maintenance, our approach explicitly addresses the balance between maintenance expenses and wind turbine (WT) downtime costs. We quantify the impacts of these maintenance strategies on key operational metrics, including the Levelized Cost of Energy (LCOE). Using a constraint programming framework, the model enables rapid prototyping of alternative maintenance scenarios, incorporating real-time data on maintenance history, costs, and resource availability. This approach supports the scheduling of service logistics, including the optimization of vessel fleets and service teams. Simulations are used to evaluate the model’s effectiveness in real-world scenarios, such as handling the maintenance of up to 11 wind turbines per business day using no more than four service teams and four vessels, achieving a reduction in overall maintenance costs in simulated case of up to 32% compared to a solution that aims to prevent all downtime events. The prototype implementation as a task-oriented Decision Support System (DSS) further shows its potential in minimizing downtime and optimizing logistics, providing a robust tool for OWF operators. Full article (This article belongs to the Special Issue Logistics and Supply Chain Management Challenges and Opportunities in the COVID-19 World – Smart, Agile and Sustainable Trends, Methods and Practices) attachment Supplementary material: Supplementary File 1 (ZIP, 42 KiB) 17 pages, 726 KiB   Open AccessArticle Oral Mucositis in Adult Cancer Patients Undergoing Chemotherapy: Six-Month On-Treatment Follow-Up by Adriana Padure, Raluca Horhat, Ioana Cristina Talpos-Niculescu, Roxana Scheusan, Mirella D. Anghel, Laura-Cristina Rusu and Diana Lungeanu J. Clin. Med. 2024, 13(19), 5723; https://doi.org/10.3390/jcm13195723 (registering DOI) - 25 Sep 2024 Abstract Objectives. Oral mucositis (OM) is a common adverse reaction associated with chemotherapy. We conducted a six-month longitudinal study to estimate the cumulative incidence of OM during the first six months of chemotherapy in adult patients with cancer other than head and neck [...] Read more. Objectives. Oral mucositis (OM) is a common adverse reaction associated with chemotherapy. We conducted a six-month longitudinal study to estimate the cumulative incidence of OM during the first six months of chemotherapy in adult patients with cancer other than head and neck cancer. Secondary objectives were as follows: (a) to scrutinize the oral health status of these patients and its evolution during chemotherapy, as assessed by oral health indices; (b) to estimate adherence to prescribed oral hygiene protocol during chemotherapy; and (c) to analyze ulceration-free survival in these patients. Methods. Sixty-four patients participated. Dental health and oral hygiene were assessed at baseline and at the end. Every month, blood tests were performed and oral lesions were recorded. This study was observational, with the only intervention being instruction in the hygiene protocol. The cumulative incidence of OM was estimated with the patient as the unit of analysis. A repeated measures ANOVA was applied to analyze the monthly blood test results. Ulceration-free survival analysis was conducted with adherence to the oral hygiene protocol as a grouping factor, followed by Cox proportional-hazards regression. Results . The six-month cumulative incidence rate was 43.75%, 95%CI (31.58–56.67%) for OM grade 2 or higher. The hazard ratio of ulceration associated with adherence to the hygiene protocol was 0.154, 95%CI (0.049–0.483), adjusted for age, sex, baseline hygiene index, and class of treatment. Conclusions. Compliance with hygiene recommendations would decrease the OM risk by more than six times, compared to non-compliance. Full article (This article belongs to the Section Dentistry, Oral Surgery and Oral Medicine) 17 pages, 7561 KiB   Open AccessArticle Light Beam Scattering from the Metal Surface with a Complex Mono- and Two-Periodic Microstructure Formed with Femtosecond Laser Radiation by Sergey Dobrotvorskiy, Borys A. Aleksenko, Yevheniia Basova, Iaroslav M. Gnilitskyi, Mikołaj Kościński and José Machado Appl. Sci. 2024, 14(19), 8662; https://doi.org/10.3390/app14198662 (registering DOI) - 25 Sep 2024 Abstract Currently, the technology of imparting the necessary reflective properties to a surface is becoming increasingly important. Darkening the surface and matting it helps to diffuse the reflected beam and prevent glare. The surface’s reflective properties are determined by its microstructure. Modern pico- and [...] Read more. Currently, the technology of imparting the necessary reflective properties to a surface is becoming increasingly important. Darkening the surface and matting it helps to diffuse the reflected beam and prevent glare. The surface’s reflective properties are determined by its microstructure. Modern pico- and femtosecond lasers make it possible to obtain surfaces with high precision and create various LIPSS (laser-induced periodic surface structure) types. In this article, we describe the process of formation of a complex two-periodic microstructure on the surface of AISI 321 stainless steel under the influence of radiation from femtosecond lasers and describe the process of scattering of a light beam by the resulting surface. Modeling shows that the presence of an additional transparent coating on a flat surface does not improve its scattering properties and does not eliminate glare. In the event that a complex two-periodic structure is formed on the reflective surface and the coating surface, the nature of the reflection has a clearly defined scattered character, regardless of the angle of incidence of the light beam. This study shows the feasibility and effectiveness of forming a two-periodic structure in order to give it stealth characteristics and reduce visibility. Full article (This article belongs to the Collection Optical Design and Engineering) More Articles... 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